ABSTRACT
Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is defined as a mild brain trauma resulting in a short loss of consciousness and alteration of mental status. It may also occasionally develop persistent and progressive symptoms. It has been confirmed that MTBI causes changes of anatomic structures in central nervous system and biomarkers in the body fluid. However, there is no sufficient research on relevance among threshold for the brain injury, individual vulnerability and duration of disturbance of consciousness. Furthermore, there are no reliable diagnostic methods to establish whether a blow to the head is sufficient to cause the brain injury. This review provides references for biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid and blood associated with TBI. It also provides application status and potential prospects for further assessment and diagnosis of MTBI.
Subject(s)
Humans , Biomarkers/cerebrospinal fluid , Brain Concussion/complications , Brain Injuries/etiology , Disease ProgressionABSTRACT
AIM@#To synthesize three novel esterified-derivatives of mangiferin and evaluate their hypoglycemic activities.@*METHODS@#Acetic, propionic, and butyric anhydride were reacted with mangiferin, respectively. The hypoglycemic activity of the derivatives was evaluated using a hyperglycemic mouse model induced by streptozotocin (STZ), and the islet cells were checked by biopsy inspection.@*RESULTS@#7, 2', 3', 4', 6'-penta-acetyl-mangiferin (PAM), 3, 6, 7, 2', 3', 4', 6'-hepta-propionyl-mangiferin (HPM) and 3, 6, 7, 2', 3', 4'-hexa-butyryl-mangiferin (HBM) were synthesized and their structures were identified by MS,(1)H, (13)C NMR, and 2D NMR. These three compounds were reported for the first time. PAM group (0.5, 0.25 mmol·kg(-1)), HPM group (0.5, 0.25 mmol·kg(-1)), and HBM group (0.5, 0.25, 0.125 mmol·kg(-1)) mice showed strong hypoglycemic activity (P < 0.01); mangiferin group (1, 0.5 mmol·kg(-1)), PAM group (0.125 mmol·kg(-1)) and HPM group (0.125 mmol·kg(-1)) showed marginal hypoglycemic activity (P < 0.05); mangiferin group (0.25 mmol·kg(-1)) had the potential for a hypoglycemic effect, although it did not demonstrate that statistically. In histological examination, the islet cells of the PAM, HPM, and HBM groups could recover from the STZ damage; islet cells of the mangiferin group could recover also, but less than the esterified-derivative groups.@*CONCLUSION@#Derivatives could repair the damaged islet cells, and had higher lipid-solubility and stronger hypoglycemic activity than mangiferin itself. There existed a structure activity effect, and a solubility effect relationship: the larger esterification moieties, or the higher lipid-solubility, the stronger the hypoglycemic activity (no ester → acetyl → propionyl → butyryl). Esterified derivatives of mangiferin are potential compounds for new anti-diabetes drugs.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Mice , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Drug Therapy , Esterification , Hypoglycemic Agents , Chemistry , Islets of Langerhans , Molecular Structure , Xanthones , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the hypoglycemic effect of the total flavonoids in Leucaena seeds(TF).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Experimental observation was performed by using various diabetic mice induced by alloxan, adrenalin, etc.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>TF could significantly lower the blood glucose levels in Alloxan model mice, adrenalin model mice and hyperglycemic mice, while had no hypoglycemic effect on the normal mice.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The total flavonoids in Leucaena seeds has hypoglycemic effect in diabetic model mice.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Blood Glucose , Metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Blood , Epinephrine , Fabaceae , Chemistry , Flavonoids , Pharmacology , Hyperglycemia , Blood , Hypoglycemic Agents , Pharmacology , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Seeds , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To develop a new method for determination of Mangiferin in the leafs of Folium mangiferae. By this new method, Mangiferin in F. mangiferae sampled in different months and in different regions was determinated.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>A RP-HPLC method was set up, using Shim pack CLC-ODS column, methanol-0.05 mol.L-1 H3PO4(65:134, pH 3.5) as mobile phase, with 258 nm of detection wave, at room temperature, 1 mL.min-1. F. mangiferae sampled in Nanning, Qinzhou and Tianyang, Guangxi province and sampled respectively in January to December were determinated.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The average recovery of the RP-HPLC was 99.2%, RSD = 1.05% (n = 5). The content of Mangiferin in F. mangiferae was statistically different due to different sample-regions or sample-time.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This RP-HPLC method is simple, specific and exact. The contents of Mangiferin in the leafs of F. mangiferae sample in Nanning and Tinayang were statistically similar, but higher than that in Qinzhou. The contents of Mangiferin in the leafs of F. mangiferae sampled in July to October were higher than that in the other months. The content in September was the highest, the content in February was the lowest.</p>